Background

Language Family: Indo-European / Balto-Slavic / Slavic / South / Eastern

Macedonian is spoken in a multitude of places, including, but not limited to, Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece.

Phonology

	Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar
Stops	p b	t̪ d̪			c ɟ	k ɡ
Affricates		ts̪ dz̪		tʃ dʒ
Fricatives	f v	s̪ z̪		ʃ ʒ		x
Nasals	m	n̪			ɲ
Trills			r
Approximants		ɫ̪	l		j
Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.

/ə/ is phonemic in many dialects, but very marginal in the standard language (Friedman 2001, 117:10), thus it will not be included in the phonemic inventory.
Where adjacent like-vowels occur, they’re either interpreted as independent vowels or one long vowel (ibid.). Where three adjacent vowels occur, the second and third are often separated with /j/. Thus, vowel length is not phonemic.

There is much variation regarding the transcription of ⟨л⟩ and ⟨љ⟩ (Friedman 2001, 117:11–12; Kramer and Mitkovska 2011, 3–4). ⟨л⟩ is said to represent /l/ preceding front vowels and /j/, and represent /ɫ/ elsewhere. This would suggest that the two represented phonemes are actually allophones. However, younger generations have started to be more liberal with using /ɫ/. ⟨љ⟩ represents /l/ (before back vowels, consonants (except /j/) and word-finally). Younger speakers extend velarization to this environment as well, making it so /l/ and /ɫ/ appear in like-environments. It is unclear if this is reflective of a diachronic change with /l/ losing phonemic status in the language, but as of now, I have opted to keep/reflect the distinction.

Cyrillic Grapheme	Romanized Grapheme/Multigraph	Phoneme	Comment
а	a	/a/
б	b	/b/
в	v	/v/
г	g	/ɡ/
д	d	/d̪/
ѓ	gj	/ɟ/
е	e	/ɛ/
ж	zh	/ʒ/
з	z	/z̪/
s	dz	/dz̪/
и	i	/i/
j	j	/j/
к	k	/k/
л	l	/ɫ̪/; /l/	/l/: before front vowels and /j/
љ	lj	/l/	/l/: before back vowels, consonants (except /j/), and word-finally
м	m	/m/
н	n	/n̪/
њ	nj	/ɲ/
о	o	/ɔ/
п	p	/p/
р	r	/r/
с	s	/s̪/
т	t	/t̪/
ќ	kj	/c/
у	u	/u/
ф	f	/f/
х	h	/x/
ц	ts; c	/ts̪/
ч	ch	/tʃ/
џ	dj; dzh	/dʒ/
ш	sh	/ʃ/

Voiceless consonants becomes voiced preceding voiced consonants (Friedman 2001, 117:12).

Voiced consonants devoice word-finally and before voiceless consonants (Friedman 2001, 117:12).
/t̪/, /d̪/, /s̪/, /z̪/, /l/, /m/, and /j/ can geminate at morpheme boundaries (ibid.).

Friedman, Victor A. 2001. Macedonian. Vol. 117. Languages of the World/Materials. München: Lincom.

Kramer, Christina E., and Liljana Mitkovska. 2011. “Macedonian Pronuncian and the Macedonian Alphabet.” In Macedonian: A Course for Beginning and Intermediate Students, 3rd ed., 1–8. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: The University of Wisconsin Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=CA1LGRIOD6UC&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=macedonian+%D0%89&source=bl&ots=cdxnOcCBft&sig=ACfU3U1DBlnsxjfUj5t5m9LhowrSbXQ5Cw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQ_uzW2fHkAhUOZN8KHYhpAmkQ6AEwDXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=macedonian%20%D0%89&f=false.