Last updated: 2020-03-05
COMPROMISED: conflation between /e/ and /ɛ/ and between /o/ and /ɔ/
Background
Language Family: Austronesian / Malayo-Polynesian / Central-Eastern / Eastern Malayo-Polynesian / Oceanic / Western Oceanic / Papuan Tip / Peripheral / Kilvila-Louisiades / Misima
- Speakers of Misima-Panaeati reside in Papua New Guinea, mostly on Misima Island, which is part of the Calvados Chain. Speakers also live on the nearby Panaeti Island.
Phonology
Consonants
- For some speakers, /j/ is realized more closely to [ʝ] (Callister 1993, 5–6).
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Place of Articulation
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Manner of Articulation
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Labial
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Dental
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Retroflex
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Palatal
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Velar
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Glottal
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Stops (plain)
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p b
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t̪ d̪
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k ɡ
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Stop (labialized)
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pʷ bʷ
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Fricatives
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β
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s̪
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h
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Nasals (plain)
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m
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n̪
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Nasals (labialized)
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mʷ
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Approximants
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w
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ɭ"
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j
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Note: For phonemes that share a cell, those on the left are voiceless and those on the right are voiced.
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Vowels
- (“Misima Organised Phonology Data,” n.d.) and Callister (1993) disagree on whether Misima-Panaeati has a low back vowel /ɑ/ or a low front vowel /a/ (p. 1; p. 2). I have opted to use /a/.
- Adjacent vowels are not interpreted as complex nuclei (Callister 1993, 3–4).
- Phonemes /e/ and /ɛ/, and phonemes /o/ and /ɔ/ contrast in closed syllables (“Misima Organised Phonology Data,” n.d., 3). However, this is rather marginal (Callister 1993, 6–7).
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Front
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Central
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Back
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High
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i
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u
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High-Mid
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e
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o
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Low-Mid
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ɛ
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ɔ
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Low
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a
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Alphabet
- Phonemes /e/ and /ɛ/ and phonemes /o/ and /ɔ/ are represented by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩, respectively (“Misima Organised Phonology Data,” n.d., 1). Given this, the language is somewhat compromised. I have opted to use /e/ and /o/ as the default phonemes in the rule set.
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Grapheme
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Phoneme
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Comment
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a
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/a/
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b
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/b/
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d
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/d̪/
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e
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/e/; /ɛ/
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/e/: default in the rules
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g
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/ɡ/
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h
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/h/
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i
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/i/
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k
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/k/
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l
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/ɭ/
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m
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/m/
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n
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/n̪/
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o
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/o/; /ɔ/
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/o/: default in the rules
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p
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/p/
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s
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/s̪/
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t
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/t̪/
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u
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/u/
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v
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/β/
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w
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/w/
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y
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/j/
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Digraph
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bw
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/bʷ/
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mw
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/mʷ/
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pw
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/pʷ/
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Syllable Structure
- Syllables in Misima-Panaeati follow the order of (C)V(C) (“Misima Organised Phonology Data,” n.d., 3).
Misc. Rules
- /n/ is realized as /ŋ/ before velar stops (Callister 1993, 5).
- /i/ and /u/ surface as [j] and [w], respectively, when a vowel-initial suffix is added to a stem ending in /i/ or /u/ (Callister 1993, 15).
- Stem-final /m/ is labialized when followed by a vowel via reduplication or suffixation. This is typically not the case for stem-final /p/ and /b/ (Callister 1993, 15).
- Prefixes /pa/ and /ma/ surface as [pʷa] and [mʷa], respectively, when the word stem begins with a labialized consonant or /mu/, /mo/, /bu/ or /bo/ (Callister 1993, 16).
- /a/ is typically realized as [ʌ]. It is realized as [a] when in a stressed syllable and preceding /β/, /w/, /k/, or /ɡ/. When it is not in a stressed syllable and precedes /m/, /s̪/, /n̪/, or /ɭ/, it is realized as [ə] (Callister 1993, 6).
- Stress is phonemic, but stress will not be accounted for here (“Misima Organised Phonology Data,” n.d., 3).
- Codas can only be occupied by nasals, /s̪/, /ɭ/, /h/, and nonlabialized stops (excluding /d/) (Callister 1993, 18).
References
Callister, William. 1993. “Misiman Phonology.” Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages.
“Misima Organised Phonology Data.” n.d. SIL Pacific.