Last Updated: 2020-07-01
COMPROMISED: unclear documentation pertaining to the orthography; possible conflation with vowels and glides
Background
Language Family: Quechuan / Quechua I
- Huallaga Huánuco Quechua is spoken in the Huanuco region of Peru.
Phonology
Consonants
- /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /f/, and /ʐ/ appear in loanwords (Weber 1989, 112:450).
- Some sources indicate that /r/ is in fact an alveolar flap. Although Weber et al. (2008) and Weber (1989) don’t make this distinction, I have opted to treat it as a flap, given that other dialects of Quechua (e.g. Cuzco Quechua) classify it as such.
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Place of Articulation
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Manner of Articulation
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Labial
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Alveolar
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Postalveolar
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Palatal
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Velar
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Uvular
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Glottal
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Stops
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p
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t
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k
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q
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Affricates
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tʃ
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Fricatives
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s
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ʃ
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h
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Nasals
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m
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n
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ɲ
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Flaps
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ɾ
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Approximants
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l
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j ʎ
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w
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Note: The palatal approximant on the right is lateral.
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Vowels
- Vowel length is contrastive. Long vowels are either marked with a diareses (¨) or duplicate vowels, depending on the orthography (Weber et al. 2008, 14; Weber 1989, 112:456).
- Apart from long vowels (duplicate graphemes), vowels do not occur in succession (Weber 1989, 112:455).
- [e] and [o] are considered to be allophones of /i/ and /u/ respectively, appearing most often in loanwords (Weber 1989, 112:450).
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Front
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Central
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Back
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High
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i
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u
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Low
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a
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Alphabet
- It’s somewhat unclear as to what constitutes the Huallaga Huánuco Quechua alphabet. The Peruvian Ministry of Education publicly recognized the language in 2015, but the resources don’t seem to be accessible. Weber (1989) lists variations between the Peruvian Ministry of Education (PME), the Departmental Office of Education (DOE), and Hispanic orthography (p. 456), of which I have noted below. The Crúbadán corpus uses graphemes from all three systems, so all those listed below will be represented in the rule set.
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Grapheme
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Phoneme
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Comment
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a
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/a/
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ä
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/aː/
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PME
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c
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/k/
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Hispanic
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e
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/i/
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ë
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/iː/
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g
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/q/
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DOE; Hispanic
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h
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/h/
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PME
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i
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/i/
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i
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/j/
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Hispanic
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ï
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/iː/
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j
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/h/
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DOE; Hispanic
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k
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/k/
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PME; DOE
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l
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/l/
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m
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/m/
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n
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/n/
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ñ
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/ɲ/
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o
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/u/
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ö
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/uː/
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p
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/p/
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q
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/q/
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PME
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r
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/ɾ/
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s
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/s/
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t
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/t/
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u
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/u/
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u
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/w/
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Hispanic
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ü
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/uː/
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w
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/w/
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y
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/j/
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Digraph
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ch
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/tʃ/
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ll
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/ʎ/
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qu
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/k/
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Hispanic: preceding front vowels
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sh
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/ʃ/
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hu
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/w/
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Hispanic
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gu
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/q/
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Hispanic: preceding front vowels
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aa
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/aː/
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DOE
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ee
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/iː/
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DOE
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ii
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/iː/
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DOE
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oo
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/uː/
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DOE
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uu
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/uː/
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DOE
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Syllable Structure
- The syllable structure consists of (C)V(C). The onset is required except in an initial syllable (Weber 1989, 112:454).
Lenition Rules
- /q/ becomes voiced intervocalically, spirantizes preceding a voiceless obstruent, and deletes word-finally (Weber 1989, 112:452).
Misc. Rules
- /n/ assimilates in place to the following consonant (Weber 1989, 112:452).
- /r/ becomes a retroflex fricative word-initially and in sequences ⟨rr⟩ (Weber 1989, 112:453).
References
Weber, David J. 1989. A Grammar of Huallaga (Huánuco) Quechua. Vol. 112. University of California Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Weber, David J., Félix Cayco Zambrano, Teodoro Cayco Villar, and Marlene Ballena Dávila. 2008. Rimaycuna Quechua de Huánuco: Diccionario Del Quechua Del Huallaga Con índices Castellano E Inglés. Edited by Mary Ruth Wise. 2nd ed. Serie Lingüistica Peruana 48. Lima, Peru.